Abstract: Ten coal samples from two wells in the barrier island-swamp and lagoon-swamp depositional systems of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation in the central and eastern Ordos Basin were analyzed for major elements, trace elements, and industrial components to investigate the elemental enrichment characteristics and genesis of coal rocks under different depositional systems. The results indicated that in both depositional systems, the industrial components and the contents of major and trace elements in coal rocks are primarily controlled by the coal-forming environmental conditions. The elemental compositions are mainly influenced by provenance from the northern orogenic belt, marine depositional environments, and magmatic activities. In the barrier island-swamp depositional system, the major elements are dominated by Si and Al, which show strong correlations with ash content and originate from various clay minerals derived from the northern orogenic belt. The trace elements are mainly of inorganic origin. Elements such as Li and Zr show significant correlations with ash content, Si, and Al, indicating that they are primarily derived from terrigenous debris inputs of aluminosilicates. Sr is derived from clay minerals and volcanic rocks. Cu and Cr have mixed origins from volcanic debris and marine apatite. Be, V, and Cd originate from humic acids. In the lagoon-swamp depositional system, the major elements are also dominated by Si and Al. However, Mg, Ca, Mn, and P show weak correlations with ash content, Si, and Al, indicating that these elements are derived from the deposition and burial of higher plants. The trace elements are primarily of inorganic origin. Li and Sr originate from provenance inputs and organic minerals in marine sediments, respectively. Be, Ga, and related elements are of inorganic origin and are sourced from terrigenous debris such as feldspar, quartz, and clay minerals. Cu, Sr, and related elements are primarily derived from marine pyrite, apatite, and other minerals, or are enriched during diagenetic processes under the influence of seawater.