Abstract: The oil and gas exploration degree in the southwestern depression of the Tarim Basin is low overall. Complex tectonic evolution is one of the key factors that restrict the hydrocarbon accumulation and exploration in this depression. There are no major discoveries in the Yingjisha and Pishan areas that are geologically similar to those found in the oil and gas fields of Akmomu and Kekeya. Using a balanced section technology, and the geological circumstances and single well burial history as the constraints in the field, the tectonic evolution characteristics of the Yingjisha and Pishan areas and their effects on hydrocarbon accumulation were analyzed. Since the Permian, the Yingjisha area has undergone three stages of tectonic nappe, and developed tectonic styles such as imbricate thrusts, V-belt and fault related folds. It has the strongest nappe effect in the Miocene, with a strata shortening of 22.4%. The Pishan area has experienced four stages of tectonic thrust, developing styles such as imbricate thrusts and fault related folds. The strongest thrusting took place during the Pliocene with a strata shortening of 12.5%. There is a certain difference in time and intensity of tectonic movement in the Yingjisha and Pishan areas since the Miocene. Since the Neogene, the strong thrusting of the Yingjisha and Pishan areas has caused the formation of thick Cenozoic strata in the foreland depression, making the underlying source rocks enter the high-maturity and over-mature stage, resulting in large-scale hydrocarbon generation. Oil and gas migrated along faults and unconformities into anticline structures to form reservoirs. The difference in tectonic effects between the Yingjisha and Pishan areas since the Neogene has led to some differences in the conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation. The initial charging period of hydrocarbons and the main formation time of structural traps in the Yingjisha area were both in the Miocene epoch, and the primary oil and gas reservoirs were easily damaged in the Pliocene epoch. In the Pishan area, the initial charging period of hydrocarbons and the main formation time of structural traps were both in the Pliocene epoch, and the primary oil and gas reservoirs showed a low damage risk.